Lobe Pumps: An In-Depth Exploration

by Rolando Corley | Jul 7, 2025 | Technology

Lobe pumps are among the most effective and reliable solutions for transferring various types of fluids, particularly those that are thick or sensitive to shear forces. These pumps have gained prominence in several industries, including food processing, pharmaceuticals, and chemical manufacturing. This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of lobe pump, their functionality, applications, benefits, and key considerations for selection.

The Mechanics of Lobe Pumps

Lobe pumps operate using a unique mechanism that involves rotating lobes. Typically, these pumps feature two or more lobes that rotate within a chamber, creating a series of pockets. As the lobes turn, they draw fluid into the pump and subsequently push it out through the discharge outlet. This positive displacement action ensures a steady flow of fluid, regardless of changes in pressure conditions.

One of the defining characteristics of lobe pumps is their ability to handle fluids with varying viscosities. Because the lobes do not touch each other, there is minimal friction and wear, allowing for a gentle transfer of sensitive materials. This makes lobe pumps particularly well-suited for applications requiring low shear, thus preserving the integrity of the fluid being pumped.

Diverse Applications of Lobe Pumps

Lobe pumps are versatile and widely utilized across various industries. In the food and beverage sector, they excel in transferring products like sauces, dressings, and dairy formulations. Their gentle pumping action ensures that the quality and texture of these products are maintained, making them ideal for high-viscosity applications.

In the pharmaceutical industry, lobe pumps are essential for handling delicate formulations, such as emulsions and suspensions. The low shear characteristics of these pumps ensure that active ingredients remain intact and effective. This is crucial in maintaining the quality and efficacy of pharmaceutical products.

The chemical industry also benefits from the robust design of lobe pumps, particularly for transporting corrosive or abrasive fluids. Made from durable materials like stainless steel, these pumps can withstand harsh environments while providing consistent and reliable performance. Additionally, in cosmetics, lobe pumps are used to transfer creams and lotions, where precision and cleanliness are of utmost importance.

Advantages of Lobe Pumps

Lobe pumps offer several key advantages that make them a preferred choice in many applications. One of the most significant benefits is their capability to handle a wide range of viscosities. Unlike centrifugal pumps, which may struggle with thick or sticky fluids, lobe pumps can efficiently transfer both low and high-viscosity materials.

Another advantage is the precise flow control provided by lobe pumps. This level of precision is essential in applications requiring accurate dosing and mixing, helping to minimize waste and ensure compliance with strict quality standards. Furthermore, lobe pumps are energy-efficient, contributing to lower operational costs over time.

The design of lobe pumps also facilitates easy cleaning, which is vital in industries where hygiene is a priority. Many lobe pumps are engineered for quick disassembly, allowing for efficient maintenance and cleaning processes.

Comparing Lobe Pumps with Other Pump Types

When evaluating lobe pumps, it is helpful to compare them with other types of pumps. For instance, centrifugal pumps rely on velocity to move fluids and may not perform effectively with viscous materials. In contrast, lobe pumps utilize positive displacement, making them more suitable for transferring thick fluids.

Additionally, when compared to gear pumps, lobe pumps provide a gentler pumping action, reducing the risk of damaging sensitive materials. Gear pumps often create high shear forces, which can compromise the integrity of delicate products. Lobe pumps, on the other hand, minimize shear stress, making them a better option for applications involving sensitive fluids.

Selecting the Right Lobe Pump

Choosing the appropriate lobe pump involves several critical considerations. First, assess the viscosity of the fluid to be pumped. Lobe pumps are available in various configurations tailored to different viscosity levels, so understanding your material is essential for optimal performance.

Next, determine the required flow rate and pressure. Lobe pumps can accommodate flow rates of up to 100 m³/h, but selecting a pump that meets your specific needs is crucial. Additionally, consider the materials of construction; stainless steel options are common in lobe pumps due to their durability and resistance to corrosion.

It is also important to evaluate the cleaning and maintenance requirements. In industries with stringent hygiene standards, pumps that can be easily disassembled and cleaned are preferred. Many lobe pumps are designed with these considerations in mind, ensuring quick maintenance and minimal downtime.

Conclusion

In conclusion, lobe pumps are an essential technology in various industries, providing efficient and reliable solutions for transferring viscous and sensitive materials. Their unique design allows for precise flow control and minimal shear stress, making them ideal for applications in food, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and cosmetics.

For those seeking high-quality lobe pumps, the Ace Rotary Lobe Pump is a leading brand in China. With over 22 years of experience, Ace specializes in delivering customized pumping solutions that cater to the diverse needs of clients across multiple sectors. Their commitment to quality, reliability, and customer satisfaction establishes them as a trusted partner for businesses requiring dependable pumping solutions.

To explore more about lobe pumps and discover a range of products, visit our website. Learn how their innovative technology can enhance your operational efficiency while ensuring the quality of your products.

Convert Run: Revolutionizing File Conversion with Speed, Security, and Simplicity

by Rolando Corley | May 19, 2025 | Technology

In today’s digital age, the need to convert files across various formats is more prevalent than ever. Whether it’s transforming a PDF into an editable Word document, converting images for web optimization, or changing audio files to suit different devices, having a reliable and efficient file conversion tool is essential. Enter Convert Run, an online platform designed to meet these needs with unparalleled speed, security, and user-friendliness.

🚀 What Is Convert Run?

Convert Run is a comprehensive online file conversion service that allows users to effortlessly convert files between over 100 formats, including documents, images, audio, and video. With a user-friendly interface and robust backend infrastructure, Convert Run ensures that even large files are processed swiftly without compromising quality.

🔧 Key Features of Convert Run

1. Extensive Format Support

Convert Run supports a vast array of file formats, making it a versatile tool for various conversion needs. Whether you’re dealing with PDFs, Word documents, JPEGs, MP3s, or MP4s, Convert Run has you covered. This extensive support ensures that users can handle most of their file conversion tasks in one place.

2. High-Speed Conversions

Time is of the essence, and Convert Run understands that. The platform utilizes advanced algorithms and powerful servers to ensure rapid conversions. Users can expect quick turnaround times, even for larger files, without sacrificing the quality of the output.

3. Robust Security Measures

Security is a top priority for Convert Run. The platform employs end-to-end encryption to protect your files during the conversion process. Additionally, files are automatically deleted from the servers after conversion, ensuring that your data remains private and secure.

4. Batch Conversion Capabilities

For users dealing with multiple files, Convert Run offers batch conversion features. This allows users to upload and convert multiple files simultaneously, saving time and enhancing productivity.

5. Cloud Integration

Convert Run seamlessly integrates with popular cloud storage services, enabling users to convert files directly from their cloud accounts. This integration simplifies the process and ensures that users can access and convert their files from anywhere.

🧠 How to Use Convert Run

Using Convert Run is straightforward:

1. Visit the Website: Navigate to the Convert Run website.
   
2. Upload Your File: Click on the “Choose File” button to select the file you wish to convert.
   
3. Select Output Format: Choose the desired output format from the dropdown menu.
   
4. Start Conversion: Click on the “Convert Now” button to begin the conversion process.
   
5. Download the Converted File: Once the conversion is complete, download the converted file to your device.
   

🌐 Why Choose Convert Run?

✅ No Software Installation Required

Convert Run is entirely web-based, meaning there’s no need to download or install any software. This makes it accessible from any device with an internet connection, whether it’s a desktop, tablet, or smartphone.

✅ Free to Use

Convert Run offers its core services for free, making it an accessible option for individuals and businesses alike. While premium features may be available, the free version provides ample functionality for most users.

✅ User-Friendly Interface

The platform boasts an intuitive interface that makes the conversion process simple, even for those who aren’t tech-savvy. Clear instructions and a clean layout ensure a smooth user experience.

⚠️ Considerations and Limitations

While Convert Run offers numerous advantages, it’s important to be aware of certain limitations:

• File Size Limits: Free users may encounter restrictions on the size of files they can convert. Larger files might require a premium account or alternative solutions.
  
• Format Limitations: While Convert Run supports a wide range of formats, there may be occasional gaps in less common file types.
  
• Internet Dependency: As a web-based service, a stable internet connection is necessary for optimal performance.
  

📊 Comparison with Other File Conversion Tools

🏁 Final Thoughts

In a world where digital file conversions are a routine necessity, having a reliable and efficient tool like Convert Run can significantly streamline your workflow. Its extensive format support, rapid conversion speeds, robust security measures, and user-friendly interface make it a standout choice for individuals and businesses alike.

Whether you’re a student needing to convert lecture notes, a professional handling various document formats, or someone looking to optimize media files, Convert Run provides a comprehensive solution to meet your needs. With its commitment to quality and user satisfaction, Convert Run is poised to remain a valuable resource in the realm of online file conversion.

The Cheapest SMM Panels: Unlocking Affordable Social Media Growth

by Rolando Corley | May 18, 2025 | Technology

In the modern digital landscape, social media has become more than just a communication tool — it’s a competitive marketplace, a brand builder, and a revenue generator. For individuals, influencers, and businesses trying to grow their online presence, it can be both time-consuming and challenging to organically build a following and drive engagement. This is where SMM panels, or Social Media Marketing panels, come into play.

SMM panels offer a convenient and budget-friendly way to increase social media metrics such as followers, likes, comments, views, and shares on platforms like Instagram, TikTok, YouTube, Facebook, Twitter (X), and more. In this article, we’ll explore what makes an SMM panel cheap, how to evaluate the best one, and what to expect when you’re looking for the most affordable options available.

What Is an SMM Panel?

An SMM panel is an online service platform that sells social media engagement. Users can buy services such as:

• Instagram followers and likes
  
• TikTok views and shares
  
• YouTube subscribers and watch time
  
• Facebook page likes and post engagement
  
• Twitter (X) retweets and followers
  

These services are typically delivered either instantly or gradually, depending on the user’s preference and the provider’s policy. The goal is to boost visibility, engagement, and credibility on social media channels — something that often leads to real organic growth afterward.

Why People Seek the Cheapest SMM Panel

The idea of buying social media growth can seem extravagant, but the reality is that many content creators and businesses work with limited budgets. The cheapest SMM panel allows users to experiment, scale, and grow without investing large amounts of money. Here are some common reasons people search for affordable SMM services:

• Startups and small businesses looking to get initial traction
  
• New influencers trying to build their portfolio and online clout
  
• Freelancers or resellers offering marketing services to clients
  
• Individuals building personal brands on platforms like Instagram or TikTok
  

Affordability opens the door for more people to take advantage of these tools without breaking the bank.

Features to Look for in a Cheap SMM Panel

Not all cheap panels offer good value. The best panels are affordable without sacrificing quality or security. Here’s what to consider when selecting an inexpensive SMM panel:

1. Service Quality

Even if you’re paying less, you want real or high-retention engagement. Poor-quality followers or fake comments can damage your credibility instead of improving it. Look for panels that prioritize realistic interactions.

2. Speed of Delivery

The best panels give you control over delivery speed. Fast delivery is useful for campaigns, but slow, gradual growth often looks more natural. A good panel lets you choose.

3. User Interface

A clean, responsive dashboard makes managing orders easier. Even budget-friendly panels should offer a clear order process, service categories, and customer support options.

4. Customer Support

Low prices shouldn’t mean zero support. Look for panels that offer at least email or live chat support for resolving order issues or payment queries.

5. Payment Options

A variety of payment methods, such as credit cards, crypto, and local wallets, ensures flexibility. This is especially important for international users seeking accessibility.

Pricing Structures and What to Expect

SMM panels usually operate on a “per 1000” pricing model. This means you pay based on how many units you’re ordering — 1000 Instagram followers, 1000 TikTok views, etc. The actual price per service can range widely depending on quality and platform.

Here’s a rough idea of typical low-end pricing you might see in the cheapest SMM panels:

• Instagram Followers: $1.00 – $3.00 per 1000
  
• YouTube Views: $0.80 – $2.50 per 1000
  
• TikTok Likes: $0.50 – $1.50 per 1000
  
• Facebook Page Likes: $2.00 – $4.00 per 1000
  
• Twitter Retweets: $1.50 – $3.00 per 1000
  

Keep in mind, if prices go too low (e.g., $0.10 per 1000), it’s a red flag — these are often fake, temporary, or bot-driven interactions that will vanish quickly or put your account at risk.

Red Flags to Avoid with Cheap Panels

While affordability is attractive, ultra-low pricing can sometimes signal risk. Here are some warning signs:

• No customer service contact
  
• No refund or refill guarantee
  
• No information about the service source
  
• Unprofessional website or broken interface
  
• Unusual payment gateways or pop-up ads
  

A legitimate and affordable SMM panel should still be transparent, well-designed, and responsive to users.

Use Cases for Budget SMM Panels

The cheapest SMM panels aren’t just about vanity metrics. Here’s how different users apply them for strategic gain:

• Influencers:

Use small, regular purchases to boost engagement rates and appeal to brands.

• Digital Marketers:

Create social proof on campaigns to drive real user interest and clicks.

• eCommerce Stores:

Boost product visibility with likes and shares to increase sales traction.

• YouTubers and Streamers:

Increase view counts or subscriber numbers to get monetized faster.

• Agencies:

White-label services from cheap panels and resell them at a markup to clients.

Tips for Using an SMM Panel Effectively

Even with a tight budget, there are smart ways to stretch your dollar:

1. Test first with small orders before committing to large quantities.
   
2. Focus on engagement, not just vanity metrics. Comments and likes often matter more than pure follower numbers.
   
3. Use metrics to complement content. Paid services won’t replace creativity — they should amplify what’s already working.
   
4. Don’t overdo it. Sudden spikes in followers or views can look unnatural. Gradual growth is more sustainable.
   

Final Thoughts

Social media growth doesn’t have to cost a fortune. The cheapest SMM panels offer a budget-friendly entry point for building visibility, engagement, and digital credibility. Whether you’re a new content creator, a small business owner, or an agency offering white-labeled services, these panels can help you reach your goals faster and more efficiently.

However, always prioritize quality, authenticity, and strategic use over quantity alone. A few hundred meaningful likes or views can do more than thousands of meaningless ones.

With the right approach and a trustworthy panel, you can turn small investments into real digital momentum — all without draining your wallet.

Crypto Burn Rate Explained: A Simple Guide for Beginners

by Ja Darrion | May 2, 2025 | Technology

If you’ve been exploring the world of cryptocurrencies, you might have heard the term “crypto burn rate.” It’s a phrase that’s used often in blockchain communities, whitepapers, and crypto news — but what does it actually mean?

In this easy-to-understand guide, we’ll explain everything you need to know about crypto burn rate: what it is, how it works, why it matters, and how it can affect the price of digital coins and tokens.

Whether you’re a beginner or just brushing up on your crypto knowledge, this article will give you a solid foundation.

What Is Crypto Burn Rate

The crypto burn rate refers to the speed or frequency at which cryptocurrency tokens are permanently destroyed, or “burned,” over a certain period of time.

This process is done on purpose and is often used to reduce the total supply of a cryptocurrency. The tokens that are burned are sent to an unusable blockchain address, known as a burn address — meaning no one can ever access or use them again.

In short: Crypto Burn Rate = How fast tokens are burned daily, weekly, or monthly

The burn rate is an important part of a cryptocurrency’s tokenomics — the economic system behind the token.

What Is Token Burning

Token burning is the act of removing cryptocurrency tokens from circulation forever. It’s a deflationary process, which means it reduces the number of coins available on the market.

How Does It Work

• A certain number of tokens are sent to a burn wallet
  
• This wallet has no private key — it’s inaccessible
  
• Tokens sent there are gone forever
  
• Anyone can view the burn transaction on the blockchain
  

Why Do Cryptocurrencies Burn Tokens

There are several strategic reasons why crypto projects burn their tokens:

Reduce Total Supply

Lower supply can make tokens more scarce, which may increase value over time if demand stays strong.

Boost Token Price

By reducing the number of tokens, the project can create price pressure — especially if there is growing demand.

Show Project Commitment

Burning tokens proves that the team is serious about the long-term value of the project.

Create a Deflationary Model

Deflation means your tokens may gain value over time, which is attractive to long-term investors.

How Does Crypto Burn Rate Work

The crypto burn rate is calculated based on how many tokens are burned over a specific period, such as:

The rate can be:

• Fixed (burning a set amount regularly)
  
• Dynamic (burns based on usage or trading volume)
  
• Event-based (burns after special events like buybacks)
  

Types of Token Burn Mechanisms

Different crypto projects burn tokens in different ways. Here are the most common methods:

Manual Burns

Tokens are burned manually by the team on a scheduled or surprise basis.

Automatic Burns

Smart contracts are programmed to burn tokens during certain actions — like every transaction.

Buyback and Burn

The project uses revenue (such as from trading fees) to buy tokens from the market and then burn them.

Fee-Based Burns

Part of the transaction or gas fee is burned automatically — like on Ethereum after its EIP-1559 upgrade.

Real Examples of Crypto Burn Rate

Let’s look at some real-world cryptocurrencies that use token burning:

Binance Coin BNB

• Binance performs quarterly burns
  
• BNB’s burn rate depends on trading activity on the Binance exchange
  
• Goal: burn 100 million BNB, half the total supply
  

Ethereum ETH

• After EIP-1559, part of every transaction fee is automatically burned
  
• The ETH burn rate increases when network usage spikes
  

Shiba Inu SHIB

• SHIB has a community-led burn mechanism
  
• The burn rate increases when users make certain purchases or donations
  

Terra Classic LUNC

• After the crash, LUNC introduced a tax burn on each transaction
  
• This is meant to reduce oversupply and slowly restore value

How Burn Rate Affects Price and Supply

Burn rate directly influences supply and demand in a crypto economy.

Scarcity Drives Value

When fewer tokens are available, and demand is steady or rising, the price may go up.

Confidence and Hype

A high burn rate can build excitement and market confidence, especially when it’s public and transparent.

Long-Term Effects

A consistent burn rate can lead to long-term deflation, which supports price growth over time.

Burn Rate vs Coin Minting: Inflation vs Deflation

Let’s compare burning with minting (creating new coins):

Burning is often used as a tool to offset inflation or to switch from an inflationary to a deflationary model.

Pros and Cons of Crypto Burn Rate

Pros

• Creates scarcity and may increase value
  
• Helps fight inflation
  
• Builds investor trust and community hype
  
• Encourages long-term holding
  

Cons

• Doesn’t guarantee price increase
  
• Can be misused as marketing hype
  
• May not help if demand is low or falling

Frequently Asked Questions

Is a higher burn rate always better

Not necessarily. A higher burn rate may reduce supply, but it’s only effective if demand stays strong.

Are burned tokens really gone forever

Yes. Burned tokens are sent to a special address with no private key. They can never be recovered.

How do I check a project’s burn rate

Check the project’s official website, blockchain explorer (like Etherscan), or community dashboards.

Do all cryptocurrencies burn tokens

No. Some do, some don’t. Token burning depends on the project’s tokenomics and goals.

Final Thoughts

The crypto burn rate is more than just a technical metric — it’s a key part of a project’s long-term strategy. It helps control inflation, boost value, and build trust with investors.

However, token burning should always be considered alongside other factors, like utility, demand, team transparency, and project roadmap.

In short: A healthy burn rate can support a strong token — but it’s not a magic solution.

If you’re researching crypto investments, take time to study how burn rate fits into the overall tokenomics. Look for projects that balance real-world use, deflation, and community trust.

Visit: Volity

Understanding Casing Price in BD: Trends, Factors, and Market Overview

by Ja Darrion | Mar 21, 2025 | Technology

May it be any sector, a profit-oriented organization will never be unaffected by technology. The other significant factor contributing to the increase in construction activity is an increase in infrastructure and financing projects, which have led to increased demand for various construction materials, including casing, which is an important type of construction and civil engineering material. Most of the casings’ prices in BD, are the major determinants of Builders, contractors, and developers as it builds on the total budget and the cost of construction per project. This article assesses some of the determinants influencing casing prices, current trends, and the future outlook of casing in Bangladesh.

What Is Casing?

Casing是一種在各種建筑應用中用作的保護外殼。 This makes it a popular choice in many industries such as piling, foundation work, and infrastructure projects needing deep foundations. Casing material is generally made up of steel, concrete, or PVC and is used to provide structure and support to the foundation, to protect it from external pressures, and to prevent soil from falling into a construction area.

In Bangladesh casings are mainly being used in high-rise buildings, roads, bridges and other heavy infrastructure. Casings are critical structural support members that are used to maintain the soil surrounding the hole as the excavation or drilling progresses.

Cost Breakup price of Casing in BD

There are multiple factors that determine the pc case price in bd, these may vary due to application demands, material availability, market conditions. So, how can we start to break down the top price influencing factors:

Material Type

Casing Material Material used for casings affects its price directly. Due to their durability and strength, steel casings are the most commonly used and most expensive type of casing in Bangladesh, however they are less prevalent in comparison to PVC or concrete casings. Another contributing factor is the great domestic demand for industrial applications of steel, and by-products that cause it to be even more expensive. Prices of steel products also depend on global market trends and Bangladesh imports a significant volume of steel.

Size and Thickness

Casing price in BD also varies due to the size and thickness of casings needed for various works. Cages with larger or thicker walls or reinforced structures are typically more expensive. The necessity to acquire casings that cater to the specific needs of each project ensures that there is a correlation between the distinct types of projects available on site and the total as well as unit price of the casings owned.

Transportation and Logistics

Due to the heavy and bulky nature of the casing material, transportation expenses are particularly significant in final pricing. Delivery times and costs may vary due to Bangladesh’s infrastructure issues, with small road capacities and traffic congestions during urban periods. Such logistical challenges can increase the total casing cost in BD, particularly for projects located in remote areas.

Demand in the construction sector

Demand for casing materials has surged in recent years in sync with the construction boom of Bangladesh’s cities of Dhaka and Chittagong. That’s when manufacturers and suppliers might raise their prices to reflect market conditions when demand is high. In addition, more large infrastructure projects, like highways, bridges, and high-rise buildings, could put a lot of stress on the supply chain, further adding to price increases.

Global Economic Conditions

The casing prices in Bangladesh are also directly linked with the global economic trends. Being an import-dependent country for numerous construction materials, many items in the local market are subject to the performance of the international market—namely, the price of steel, and quality and supply of raw materials. If global steel prices increase due to geopolitical tension or supply chain disruptions, then BD could also end up with a higher casing price.

Local manufacturing and import duties

While some casing materials are produced locally in Bangladesh, a large percentage is imported. The price of imported casings can be affected by import and taxes, or even by exchange rate variation. Furthermore, with local manufacturing options being accessible, this could decrease dependence on imports which would thus ensure price stabilization for casing materials.

Current Casing Price in BD

This pc casing price in bd is a dynamic, and valid by 2025 within such conditions. Depending on the casing material’s thickness and dimensions, steel casings typically cost between BDT 50,000 and BDT 80,000 per ton. The price of PVC and concrete casings is usually low – around BDT 30,000 to BDT 60,000 per ton.

Prices are not fixed in any form, as they depend on the quantity of casings needed for each project, delivery services, market price, etc. For larger projects, builders might work out discounts or long-term pricing with suppliers.

Cost of Casing in BD and How to Save on It

Even though the Best Computer is quite huge, contractors and developers can adopt many solutions to save on costs:

Bulk Buying: Many sellers will offer discounts if you buy casings in bulk. For larger projects, it may be more economical as suppliers can give discount rates for larger quantities.

Source Locally: If feasible, choose locally sourced casings to minimize costs related to import duties and transport. There are local manufacturers in Bangladesh who can provide casing materials at competitive rates.

Negotiate With Suppliers: Create good relationships with casing suppliers may create opportunities for discount prices. Contractors can negotiate based on project contracts for the long term or high frequency of purchases.

More Affordable Material Options: If for some projects higher casing materials such as PVC or concrete can be used. Yet, it is important to ensure those alternatives fulfill the project’s structural needs.

Forecast of Casing Price in BD

Price volatility is expected to continue in both domestic and international markets for casing and thus this trend is likely to continue in the casing price in BD as well going forward. As economic activity in Bangladesh develops further and construction continues, the demand for casings will likely grow. That said, over the long term, the government’s focus on development of infrastructure and initiatives to boost local manufacturing capabilities could contain prices within a particular range.

And broader market forces, like the push for sustainable, cost-effective materials in many sectors, could present new opportunities to supplant traditional casings. Material sciences that are developing faster and cheaper, more durable and green casing.

Conclusion

Construction industry professionals, including builders, contractors, and project managers, need to stay up-to-date on the casing price in BD and the factors influencing the cost so that they can effectively manage projects within budget and meet client expectations. Having said that, while material selection, dimensions, and the state of the global economy at any given moment will all affect pricing, there are still ways to manage costs through purchasing strategies and negotiations. Builders and contractors can be confident they are getting the maximum return on their case goods investments by monitoring market trends and partnering with trusted suppliers.

However, with increasing urbanization and rapid infrastructures being developed, casing material demand would continue to remain, and all must know about pricing and ensure cost savings for wider needs.